Civil Society

Civil society is the sphere in which citizens voluntarily organize to pursue shared interests, express values and address public concerns outside the direct control of government. It comprises autonomous associations and collective action located broadly between the individual or family and the state, generally without seeking to capture governmental office.

Essential character

Civil society supplements representative institutions by creating channels of participation beyond periodic elections. Its autonomy from the state does not place it above the law or eliminate the need for transparency.

• Membership and participation are generally voluntary, although organizations differ in structure and objectives.
• It includes non-governmental organizations, trade unions, professional bodies, community organizations, social movements and other associations.
• It is plural because different groups may cooperate, compete or advocate opposing interests.
• Unlike political parties, most civil-society organizations seek to influence public policy rather than form the government.

Democratic functions

A vibrant civil society links citizens with public institutions and helps convert social concerns into organized demands.

• It articulates interests and provides representation to groups whose concerns may receive inadequate electoral attention.
• It promotes public deliberation through awareness, debate, research and civic education.
• It strengthens accountability by monitoring public authorities, disseminating information and demanding lawful, responsive administration.
• It may supplement government through welfare, relief, community mobilization and service delivery.
• Social movements can place neglected questions on the political agenda and encourage peaceful reform.

Democratic limits and safeguards

Civil society is not automatically representative or democratic. Its contribution depends on constitutional methods, internal accountability and respect for the rights of others.

• Unequal access to money, expertise and media can give organized interests disproportionate influence.
• Some organizations may lack internal democracy, financial transparency or a clear social mandate.
• Narrow sectional demands can conflict with wider public welfare or the claims of less-organized groups.
• A democratic state must protect freedom of association and expression while regulating unlawful conduct through fair, proportionate and non-discriminatory law.

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