Realism in International Relations

Realism explains international politics primarily as a struggle among sovereign states for security and power. The international system is anarchic because no central authority stands above states and can reliably protect them. Realists therefore judge institutions and cooperation in relation to state interests and the distribution of power.

Core assumptions

• States are the principal actors because they possess sovereignty, command organised force and make decisions concerning war, peace and security.
• Survival and security are states' primary objectives, while national interest guides their strategic conduct.
• Uncertainty about others' intentions makes states rely on self-help, including their own capabilities and alliances.
• Material and military power enables states to deter threats and influence outcomes, although domestic politics may affect how interests are defined.

Consequences of anarchy

Anarchy and uncertainty generate persistent competition even when states do not actively seek conflict. War is not inevitable at every moment, but the possibility of force remains a permanent feature of international politics.

• The security dilemma arises when one state's security measures make others feel less secure and stimulate arms competition.
• States use alliances and internal military strength to maintain a balance of power against stronger or threatening states.
• Cooperation is possible, but concerns about cheating, dependence and relative gains can restrict its depth and durability.

How realism views international institutions

Realists do not regard international institutions as substitutes for sovereign states or as authorities standing above them. Institutions generally reflect the interests of powerful members and the underlying distribution of capabilities.

• Institutions provide forums for negotiation, information-sharing and coordination, so they can facilitate cooperation when participating states consider it beneficial.
• Their rules and enforcement ultimately depend on state consent, material support and the willingness of major powers to comply.
• Institutions may reduce uncertainty and transaction costs, but they cannot remove anarchy, self-help or concern over relative gains.
• Where vital security interests conflict, power politics and national interest usually constrain institutional effectiveness.

Major realist explanations

• Classical realism, associated with Hans J. Morgenthau, connects power politics partly with human nature and defines interest in terms of power.
• Structural realism, associated with Kenneth Waltz, explains recurring competition mainly through international anarchy and the distribution of capabilities.
• Realism does not necessarily reject morality, but gives priority to prudence, survival and the responsibilities of political leadership over abstract universal prescriptions.