Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia

The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia is a legally binding framework for peaceful interstate relations associated with ASEAN. Adopted in 1976, it establishes common principles of sovereignty, non-interference, peaceful dispute settlement and cooperation.

Fundamental principles of conduct

Article 2 requires the contracting parties to observe six principles in their relations:

• States must show mutual respect for one another's independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity.
• Every state has the right to conduct its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion.
• Parties must follow non-interference in one another's internal affairs.
• Differences or disputes must be settled by peaceful means.
• Parties must renounce the threat or use of force.
• States must pursue effective cooperation among themselves.

Peaceful settlement of disputes

The treaty requires parties to prevent disputes from threatening regional peace and to seek settlement through friendly negotiations. A ministerial-level High Council may recommend appropriate means such as good offices, mediation, inquiry or conciliation when direct negotiations do not resolve a dispute.

• The treaty's dispute-settlement machinery operates on consent and does not impose compulsory adjudication.
• Its approach reflects ASEAN's preference for consultation, restraint and negotiated accommodation.

Wider relevance

Protocols opened the treaty to accession by states outside Southeast Asia, extending its norms beyond ASEAN members. India acceded in 2003, affirming its acceptance of these principles in engagement with ASEAN and the wider regional order.