Transit-Oriented Development

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is an urban-planning approach that concentrates homes, jobs and services within walking distance of high-capacity public transport. It coordinates land use and mobility by linking higher, mixed-use density to transit capacity, pedestrian access and reduced dependence on private vehicles.

Concentrating density around transit

TOD identifies an influence zone around stations, generally a 500-800 metre walking distance, and directs a larger share of development into it. Development intensity is planned according to the capacity of the transit corridor and supporting urban infrastructure.

• Development plans permit relatively higher floor area ratio and compact building patterns near transit nodes.
• Mixed land use places housing, employment, shops and public services close together, generating passengers throughout the day.
• Density can be differentiated across stations according to their connectivity, function and infrastructure capacity.

Connecting density to sustainable mobility

Density alone does not create TOD. The built environment must make public transport, walking and cycling safer and more convenient than routine private-vehicle use.

• A connected street network, continuous footpaths, safe crossings and non-motorised transport links provide first-mile and last-mile access.
• Interchange between metro, bus and other modes enlarges the area effectively served by mass transit.
• Restrained parking supply and appropriate parking pricing discourage car-oriented development around stations.

Urban benefits and safeguards

By bringing activities and transit together, TOD can increase ridership, shorten travel distances and use urban land and infrastructure more efficiently. Its social gains depend on affordable housing, universal accessibility and protection against displacement.

• Public spaces and active street frontages improve walkability and neighbourhood vitality.
• Value capture from increased land values can help finance transit and local infrastructure, subject to suitable legal and planning arrangements.
• Upgraded water, sanitation, drainage and social infrastructure must accompany additional population and built-up area.